Building a backyard suite

Permits, application requirements, and common rules

Before you apply

Use this page to help guide you through submitting a complete application. We will explain when you need a permit, what permits you need, what your application requirements are and go over some common rules relating to your project.

Do you need a permit?

Yes. Backyard suites, also known as garden suites, carriage houses and laneway houses always require permits. To build a backyard suite, you will need:

  • a development permit
  • a building permit
  • a separate electrical permit is required to be pulled by an electrical contractor to hook up the service to the suite. A homeowner’s permit can then be pulled for the wiring of the suite
  • a separate plumbing permit for all plumbing installations
  • a separate mechanical permit is required to be pulled by a licenced HVAC contractor
  • a separate gas permit is required to be pulled by a licenced gas fitter if there will be any gas appliances in the suite

Planning approval (development permit)

Backyard Suites always require planning approval (development permit) prior to applying for your other permits.​​

Building safety approval is to make sure that the structure meets building safety requirements. Review the construction (building code information) section of this page for more information.

Building safety approval (building permit)

Building safety approval (building permit)

Building safety approval is to make sure that the structure meets building safety requirements. Review the construction (building code information) section of this page for more information.

Electrical permit

You need a separate electrical permit for all electrical installations and renovations.

Plumbing permit

separate plumbing permit is required for all new plumbing installations, as well as when extending or altering any existing plumbing systems.

For more information about what type of electrical work a homeowner may obtain a permit for, review the homeowners permits eligibility and plumbing permit sections.

For information for contractors, visit the trade permit contractor information page.

What is a secondary suite?

A self-contained residence with two or more rooms and includes a kitchen, living, sleeping and sanitary facilities.

All suites must have:

  • Bedrooms with proper egress windows
  • A separate bathroom
  • Separate cooking facilities
  • An entrance that is accessible from outside without passing through the main dwelling unit. A shared stairwell is acceptable, but each unit must have a private entrance.
secondary suite
  • Developing a safe and legal backyard suite

    February 15, 2023

    Watch our recorded Q&A on everything you need to know about developing a safe and legal backyard suite.

    Hear from development, business and building services they discuss permits, fees, and how to make your suite legal and safe.

Permit costs and timelines

Find out which permits you need to complete your secondary suite, how much they will cost, and the approval timelines. 

What are the rules when designing your project?

The following information will help you prepare your building permit application, and make sure it meets the City’s requirements.

Where are you building?

Review the backyard suites how-to guide for best practices when designing your backyard suite so that it meets the rules of the Land Use Bylaw

General suite rules

Number of suites on a property

  • There can only be one secondary suite within each dwelling unit.
  • A backyard suite and a secondary suite cannot be located on the same property
  • You must indicate on your plans:
    • The location of the amenity space for the suite
    • The location and size of parking being provided for the suite

If you have questions or need clarification on the Land Use Bylaw rules, or have general permit questions, please contact the Planning Services Centre.

Construction information (building code) to consider when designing your building

The current National Building Code – Alberta Edition identifies safety considerations that must be in place in any backyard suite.

Separation of suites

Preventing the spread of smoke and fire is essential for safety. The building code requires the installation of a smoke tight separation between the any common spaces and the suite. If the backyard suite is located above or attached to the garage, then there must be fire separation between the suite and the garage, this includes walls, floors and supporting structure.

  • If the garage serves both the residents of the main dwelling unit and the backyard suite it requires a minimum of 1 hour fire resistance rating
  • The code states that when a floor needs to be fire rated, then the structure supporting that floor also needs to be rated to that same level as the floor. This means that any structure supporting the suite above the garage needs to be also have a minimum 1hour fire resistance rating.
  • Doors between any part of the garage and any portion of the backyard suite or mechanical room must also be fire rated. Doors must be self-closing, have weather stripping and be a minimum of 45 minutes fire resistance rating.

Can you build on your existing garage?

No, a backyard suite will require a foundation like a home, with footings extending to below the frostline (4 feet deep or greater). A backyard suite built on an existing garage would only be allowed if an engineered has reviewed and approved the existing structure.

How far does your backyard suite need to be from your house?

When planning for a backyard suite, you need to make sure that there is enough space between the house and the backyard suite for fire safety. The number of windows on the side of the house facing the backyard suite - the exposed building face - will determine how far away your backyard suite can be from the house as well as how much glazing (i.e. windows) can be on the backyard suite’s exposed building face.

When submitting your development and building permit applications, you will need to provide an elevation of the exposed building face of the existing house (the side facing the backyard suite) for review.

Here are some tips to help you understand how the distance between your house and backyard suite effects how much glazing can be on the exposed building face of the backyard suite:

  • Draw a line representing an imaginary property line between the house and the backyard suite. Generally, this imaginary property line is determined by calculating how much glazing is on the exposed building face of the existing house and determining the minimum distance is for that percentage of glazing.
  • You can then use this imaginary property line to find the limiting distance  for the exposed building face of the backyard suite
  • The limiting distance determines the maximum number of openings (such as windows) and the wall construction required for the exposed building face of the backyard suite.
  • The greater the limiting distance, the more windows you can have in walls that faces the house.

Sound Transmission Class (STC) requirements

Separations between the garage and the backyard suite must be soundproof. The assembly between the garage and the suite, as well as the supporting structure of the suite, must have a STC rating of a minimum of 50 and conform to Article 9.11.1.4.

  • Refer to the Fire and Sound Resistance tables in the National Building Code – Alberta Edition (tables 9.10.3.1.-A or 9.10.3.1.-B) and follow the construction details for an assembly listed in those tables that provides both the required fire resistance rating and the required sound transmission class rating
  • You will need to provide the details of those assemblies on the drawings submitted with your building permit application.
  • In this case it will be up to the builder to construct adjoining assemblies in accordance with those determined in the design. Our team will review the components of the assemblies shown on the plans to the extent possible to assess compliance to Article 9.11.1.4. during the plan examination stage and during the normal course of inspection.
  • See Administration of Apparent Sound Transmission Classification (ASTC) Requirements​ for more information.

New Home Warranty

You will be required to submit proof of registration, authorization or letter issued by the Residential Protection Program with your building permit application.

Tip: Visit Alberta New Home Warranty to determine which of these you need.

9.36 Energy efficiency

All backyard suites are required to comply with Section 9.36 of the national building code – Alberta edition.

You will need to provide the following with your building permit application:

  • a completed 9.36 project summary form with the compliance path chosen.
  • the required RSI calculations for wall, floor and ceiling assemblies.

Refer to Alberta energy code information for houses and small buildings - 9.36 (calgary.ca) for more information.

Airport Vicinity Protection Area (AVPA)

Due to the increased noise impacts, backyard suites are restricted within the airport vicinity protection area (AVPA). For information regarding whether a backyard suite can be built on your property, please refer to the AVPA regulation or chat with us, or contact the Planning Services Centre at 403-268-5311.

How to prepare your application

1. Prepare the application details

You will need to know:

  • The project address
  • Who is applying (the homeowner or someone representing the owner)
  • Who will be doing the work (contractor, homeowner)
  • What you are applying for
  • Project details, including the size and location of the suite

2. Prepare the required documents and plans

Specific drawing and supporting document requirements are listed on the permit checklist. You must provide all the required drawings and documents when you submit your application.

Development permit application requirements

Supporting documents

1. Abandoned well declaration

  • A map of the subject property showing the presence or absence of Abandoned Well Locations on GeoDiscover Alberta’s map viewer must be included with the form.
  • Reference the user guide to finding abandoned wells for more information on how to locate your property.

2. Public tree discolsure statement

  • Indicate yes or no if there is a public tree on the City lands within six meters of and/or overhanging your property.
  • If there are public trees, show these trees on your site plan and complete the rest of the form.
  • If you are not sure if there are public trees, you can use the city’s Tree Map (may not be up to date for your property) or contact 3-1-1 for a development tree inquiry.

3. Site contamination statement

  • Indicate yes or no to the questions to your knowledge. If yes, provide the requested additional information when required.

4. Colour photographs

  • Photos should be in colour and should reflect the current state of the property

Plans

When preparing your application, you should provide everything listed under each drawing requirement as listed on the checklist.

1. Site plan

  • Tip: you can modify a Real Property Report (RPR) to use as your site Plan.
  • You must note where the suite amenity space, parking and suite entrance are located

2.  Floor plans

  • You will need to provide floor plans for each floor of your house (i.e. garage, main floor, second floor, etc)
  • Label the purpose of how each room is used (i.e. kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, etc)

3. Elevations

  • An elevation drawing is a 2D view of the exterior walls of the building
  • Indicate the locations and dimensions of all windows, doors and exterior stairs
  • You will need to provide elevation drawings of each side of the backyard suite as well as the rear elevation of the house.

Building permit application requirements

Supporting documents

1. ABC 2014 section 9.36 (energy efficiency) project summary form

2. Alberta New Home Warranty Program registration, authorization or letter issued by the Residential Protection Program

Plans

Sample drawings have been provided to assist you with completing your requirements – you should provide everything listed on the checklist as shown on the sample drawings.

1. Site plan

  • Tip: You can modify a Real Property Report (RPR) to use as your site Plan.
  • You must note where the suite amenity space, parking and suite entrance are located

2. Floor plans

  • You will need to provide floor plans for each floor of the backyard suite (i.e. garage, main floor, second floor, etc)
  • Label the purpose of how each room is used (i.e. kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, etc)

3. Elevations

  • An elevation drawing is a 2D view of the exterior walls of the building
  • Indicate the locations and dimensions of all windows, doors and exterior stairs
  • You will need to provide elevation drawings of each side of the backyard suite as well as the rear elevation of the house.

4. Manufacturer’s floor joist and roof layouts

5. Beam runs

  • Beam loading calculations

6. Engineering documents (when applicable)

Apply

Tips for a smooth application process

Before you apply

Download the checklist and check each application requirement as you prepare to submit your application. Items listed on the checklist are the minimum requirements. We might need more information after we review your application.

Provide all required documents on the checklist, including drawings, supporting material, and any additional forms. If you are not sure if something is required, contact the Planning Services Centre

Use sample drawings to review what you need to include on your plans

Double check your documents are completed and make sure you have all required items on your plans before you upload them

After you apply

The Planning Services Centre may contact you for more information required for your application. Follow-up on requests for more information as quickly as possible. 

Use the Job Access Code (JAC) to check status updates for your application on calgary.ca/vista

  • You’ll get a JAC by e-mail after you’ve submitted your application. If you did not receive a JAC number, contact the Planning Services Centre.
  • Checking your application’s status using your JAC will provide you with timely updates about the status of your application

What is a complete application?

A complete application means that you have provided all the necessary requirements for our teams to complete their reviews. You should provide everything listed on the Complete Application Requirement List and the Guide to a Complete Application (if applicable), including plans, supporting documents and payment.

An application for a permit may be refused  if, within ninety (90) days from the date of receipt,  if adequate information and documentation is not supplied as requested by the Safety Codes Officer. Should a permit be considered for refusal, the applicant will be given notification in writing and 30 days to resubmit the missing information. For more information, please review Building advisory A19-002 building permit complete application.

Apply online

To apply online, you need a myID account. Create a myID account..

Apply in-person

Complete the application form.

Once you have gathered all required documents, you can apply for your permit in person by visiting the Planning Services Centre.

Video tutorial - How to apply for permits

Learn step by step how to apply for permits.

After you apply

How to check the status of your permit

After you submit your application online, you will get a confirmation email with a Job Access Code (JAC).

To track your application and check its status, enter your Job Access Code in Vista.

If you need help or have questions, contact our Planning Services Centre

What inspections do you need?

Secondary suites

Two inspections are required for secondary suites.

Framing (rough-in) inspection requirements
  • Install and complete any structural changes.
  • Install and complete all the wall and ceiling framing.
  • Install proposed windows and exterior doors.
  • Install and complete any HVAC changes.
  • Rough in, install and complete all plumbing and electrical components that are required under associated permits.
  • Have requested documentation on site.
  • Do not install insulation, vapour barrier or drywall over any work that requires inspection prior to concealing.
Final inspection requirement

The construction should be completed, and the suite should be ready for occupancy.

Garages (if backyard suite is on top of the garge)

Framing (rough-in) inspection requirements:

  • The garage must be at lock-up stage, where all doors and windows are properly installed, with the building secure and the site safe.
  • Garages can be built into the side yard, close to the property line. Fire rating standards must be completed, with fire-rated materials installed. 
  • The garage inspection can occur when the project is complete, or at the framing stage when doors and windows are installed.
  • Rough-in, install and complete all electrical components that are required under associated permits.

Electrical trade permits

The following tasks must be completed before booking an inspection. Please note it is not necessary to have drywall installed for a final inspection.

Please review the green service label policy to determine if you require a green service label (sticker).

Rough-in requirements

  • Have all wiring and interior of outlet boxes readily visible.
  • Remove vapour barrier and insulation where it’s covering any wiring. The exception is for wiring fished into walls.
  • All wiring must be supported.
  • Remove outer sheath of wiring and terminate all wiring into outlet boxes and fixtures.
  • Ensure all splices are made and all grounding is complete in outlet boxes and fixtures.
  • Do not secure devices (plugs, switches) to outlet boxes. Leave all wiring and terminations visible.
  • Cables may be terminated into the panelboard, but wires should not be on breakers.
  • Never energize exposed wiring.
  • Rough and underground inspections should be combined.
  • Expose the trench on at least one end to confirm depth.
  • Access must be provided to all areas where electrical work has been completed.
  • For secondary suites, use the secondary suite electrical load calculation sheet to ensure your current electrical service is adequate. When complete, please email the form to us. If the main electrical service must be increased from 60 amps, 100 amps, or 200 - amp service, please have your Contractor contact ENMAX.

Final requirements

  • Do not have any exposed live wiring.
  • Install all devices, receptacles and light fixtures.
  • Any open outlet boxes or unfinished wiring must be properly secured and installed in a junction box with an approved splice cap and a junction box cover.
  • Install, terminate and energize all breakers, if safe to do so.
  • Complete the panelboard breaker directory, all breakers must be labeled correctly.
  • Access must be provided to all areas where electrical work has been completed.

For more information, review the homeowner electrical wiring guide.

Plumbing trade permits

What you need to complete before you call for each plumbing inspection:

Rough-in inspection

  • Install and complete all plumbing drainage and venting.
  • Install and connect water lines to the rest of the water distribution system.
  • Properly support all drains, vents, and water lines.
  • Install the bathtub/shower valve.

Final inspection

  • Install and ensure all fixtures and equipment are ready for use.
  • Ensure the bathtub and shower water temperature does not exceed 49 degrees Celsius.
  • Seal all piping designed for future fixtures with an approved plug or cap.
  • Provide a shut off valve for all toilets.

HVAC / Mechanical trade permits

Following an inspection, The City’s safety codes officer (SCO) may identify corrective action to comply with the National Building Code (Alberta Edition). In place of a re-inspection, the SCO may provide an option to submit a verification of compliance (VOC).

How do you book your inspections?

Visit building inspections for information on how to book, cancel or reschedule an inspection, permit expiry and the requirements for each inspection type.

Contractors

If you have a vista account:

If you do not have a Vista acount:

Make changes to your permit

Suites FAQs

Suite registry FAQ

What is the secondary suite registry?

The secondary suite registry is an online, searchable list identifying legal and safe secondary suites in Calgary. These suites have been registered and inspected to meet Alberta’s safety code requirements. View the suite registry bylaw and go to secondarysuites.calgary.ca to view the registry.

What is the goal of the registry?

The registry aims to build awareness with Calgarians about the importance of public safety, and the safety features of a legal secondary suite. Suites that have been inspected by The City and meet the requirements under Alberta’s safety codes provide the necessary measures to help protect lives.

What are the advantages of the registry and sticker for owners?

Registered secondary suites are listed on The City’s website and receive a numbered sticker that can be posted at the main entrance of the suite. Owners can use the registry and sticker as a means to promote their suite to current and future residents.

Is there a cost to be on the registry?

Not currently, however, in January 2022, we will reinstate fees for the suite registry. The registry program is intended to promote the importance of safe secondary suites for Calgarians.

How do I get a secondary suite sticker for my suite?

Please note it will take two to three weeks after the final inspection to receive your sticker in the mail.

Where do I place the sticker on my property?

We recommend placing the stickers on the entry point of the suite. This informs current and future residents that suite is part of The City’s registry program.

If the property is sold, does the registry transfer to the new owner?

Yes. The registry is connected to the address containing the legal and safe secondary suite.

How long is the sticker valid for?

There is no expiry date.

Can I make modifications to my secondary suite after the building permit is approved?

Any changes to your secondary suite could require additional permits and inspections. To ensure modifications meet the requirements of Alberta’s safety codes and do not alter the safety features of your suite, contact The City’s Planning Services Centre at 403-268-5311 for assistance.

What penalties might I face for owning an unsafe suite?

Safety is always top priority for The City. Our inspectors work collaboratively with secondary suite owners, and we determine appropriate timelines to complete work. However, if owners of illegal suites do not comply with minimum safety standards, we may take legal action.

Can I be removed from the registry?

The City investigates all complaints, should your secondary suite be found to no longer comply with Alberta’s safety codes, your suite will be removed from the registry.​

Suite addressing FAQ

The City of Calgary requires the assignment of a separate address for secondary suites to supplement the basic address of the main dwelling. The identifier for the secondary suite may be alphabetical or numeric. Suite numbers are shown at the start of the address for the following purposes:

Emergency response and wayfinding

If an emergency event occurs in the secondary suite, every second counts and a precise location will assist the emergency responders to locate the suite.

Current and future utility hookups

Utility hookups require the exact suite address where the utilities will be hooked up and for the utility bill to be sent.

Applications for future business licences

A requirement of a business licence is to have the exact suite address to where the business will be operating. Although there might not be a business operating out of the secondary suite at this time, an address will still be created to enable a business to be licenced at the suite when needed.

Applications for future short-term rentals

Although the secondary suite might not be used as a short-term rental at this time, a new address will still be created to enable a suite to be licenced for a short-term rental when needed. The licence requires the exact suite address and not the main dwelling address.

Canada Post and other mail delivery services

Although not a City of Calgary requirement, having a separate address for the secondary suite will assist in the delivery of mail to the correct dwelling unit.

Suite density FAQ

Residential development: Understanding secondary and backyard suites’ impacts on growth in established areas

At a recent Partners in planning session, hosted by the federation of Calgary communities, several questions were asked on understanding suites’ impacts within an established area.

What is the difference between a secondary or backyard suite and a dwelling unit?

A dwelling unit is the primary home for the property. Dwelling units come in many forms like an apartment, single-detached house, semi-detached house or rowhouse.

Suites are spaces used as separate living quarters from the primary home on a property. They can take form as a secondary suite or a backyard suite.

Secondary suites are located within the primary home. They are typically located in the basement but may also be located on the main or upper floors or above an attached garage.

Backyard suites are physically separated from the home and located in the property’s backyard. They are typically built on top of a detached garage but can also be on the ground floor attached to a detached garage or in an independent structure.

secondary or backyard suite

A suite must be approved with a primary home. They are not separate dwelling units, meaning these suites can’t be subdivided or sold separately from the primary home.

Why are suites allowed in single-detached/ R-C1 communities?

Suites are allowed in all low-density residential districts (except the R-MH District) in the City of Calgary. City Council amended the land use bylaw in 2018 to allow for suites throughout the city.

How does the MDP estimate population based on number of units?

The table below provides a common method for calculating population per hectare, by each of the key dwelling unit types (low, medium, high) and the occupancy rate, in established areas.

Why are suites allowed in single-detached/ R-C1 communities?

Secondary suites are allowed in all residential districts in the City of Calgary. City Council amended the land use bylaw in 2018 to allow for secondary suites throughout the city.

Will my property tax increase with the development of a secondary suite or backyard suite?

Property tax is calculated and billed annually using the property’s assessed value, as found on your property assessment notice, and the Council-approve​d property tax rate. Home improvement projects (i.e. basement development) or adding livable space to your home could increase your property taxes. If you have questions about property tax, contact 311.

Are levies charged on suites in the established area?

Developers pay for the costs of infrastructure within a development site that they’re building but exempts backyard and secondary suites, following the rules outline in the off-site levy bylaw. For established areas, levies are collected for the treatment plant levy. More information can be found on our off-site levy page.

What are the parking requirements for suites?

Under the current Land Use Bylaw, suites require a minimum of one motor vehicle parking stall. This requirement is reduced in some land use districts where certain conditions are met such as a limited floor area, proximity to transit, provision of bicycle parking or where the main dwelling has 2 or more parking stalls. A relaxation in parking minimums may be considered based on proximity to city centre, amenities and public transit. For more information, please refer to the policy to guide discretion for secondary suites and backyard suites.

Are suites considered in The Municipal Development Plan (MDP)’s density calculation?

Yes, indirectly. The Municipal Development Plan has intensity targets for select areas of the city, including activity centres, main streets, transit station areas and new communities. These targets are measured as people and jobs per hectare, which would include people living in suites in the calculation. These targets are not requirements, but rather aspirations.

How does the MDP estimate population based on number of units?

The table below provides a common method for calculating population per hectare, by each of the key dwelling unit types (low, medium, high) and the occupancy rate, in established areas.

Occupancy rates are based on observed census data, and the population of suites is accounted for in the occupancy rate of low-density dwelling types.

How come suites are not counted towards density?

Density is calculated by the number of primary dwellings on a parcel of land and does not include backyard or secondary suites. These suites do not increase the number of primarily dwelling units on a property as they are created either within the existing home or as part of the backyard.

For example, R-C1 districts allows for single-detached homes as well as secondary suites. A homeowner may choose to convert their basement into a legalized suite, which offers more housing choice in the community but does not increase the number of primary dwelling units onto the property.

What about districts where more than two dwelling units can be on a parcel of land? In the R-CG district, a maximum density is established to regulate the number of homes on a parcel, rather than the type of home. This is because a range of dwelling units may be found in a single building (i.e. a rowhouse may include three, four, five or more dwelling units) and more than one building containing dwelling units may be built on a parcel. In this district, there may be one suite per dwelling, but those suites do not count toward the maximum allowable density. This is done to allow for suites, but not allow for additional dwelling units beyond the maximum density.

Disclaimer: This information has no legal status and cannot be used as an official interpretation of the various bylaws, codes and regulations currently in effect. The City of Calgary accepts no responsibility to persons relying solely on this information. Web pages are updated periodically. ​

Calculating population by dwelling unit type in developed areas - assumptions for dwelling units per hectatre
Residential type  Units per hectare Occupancy rates People per hecare
Low density 17-28 2.8 50-80
Medium density 25-2008 2.4 62-500
High density 225-1041 1.6 360-1667

Occupancy rates are based on observed census data, and the population of suites is accounted for in the occupancy rate of low-density dwelling types.

Suite services FAQ

Does my secondary suite get its own blue, black and green carts?

  • Any residential dwelling which currently receives City residential blue, black and green cart service and has a secondary suite can add additional carts to ensure there is adequate cart capacity to sort your household waste properly.
  • More information on who qualifies for additional carts and how to request them please visit this page.

Planning Services Centre

Hours:
Monday - Friday
8 a.m. - 4:15 p.m. (MT)

Live chat:
calgary.ca/livechat

Call:
403-268-5311

In person: 
Planning Services Centre,
3rd floor, Municipal building 
800 Macleod Trail SE

Book an eAppointment for in person services at appointment.calgary.ca

Legal and safe suite registry

Check the Secondary Suite Registry to find or verify a legal suite in Calgary.

Registry suites include all necessary permits and have been inspected to meet Alberta's Safety Code requirements. The registry is continually updated as we approve suites.

If an operating suite does not appear on the registry, you can contact Customer support to submit a complaint.

Click before you dig

Always contact Utility Safety Partners before you dig. Submit a locate request online or call 1-800-242-3447 for more information.


This information has no legal status and cannot be used as an official interpretation of the various bylaws, codes and regulations currently in effect. The City of Calgary accepts no responsibility to persons relying solely on this information. Web pages are updated periodically. ​

undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null,undefined/null